African-American History: Most Popular Articles
These articles are the most popular over the last month.
The History of Blues Music
From blues music came great artists such as Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, Buddy Guy, Bessie Smith and others. But the blues might never have been created if it had not been for the influence of hollers, calls, and the changes that occurred in the lives of blacks. It combined the styles of the past with a new type of song. The popularity of the blues marked a new era for black music.
From blues music came great artists such as Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, Buddy Guy, Bessie Smith and others. But the blues might never have been created if it had not been for the influence of hollers, calls, and the changes that occurred in the lives of blacks. It combined the styles of the past with a new type of song. The popularity of the blues marked a new era for black music.
The Black Codes of 1865
The Black Codes of 1865 turned out to be a unique way for white southerners to attempt to maintain the way of life they had known prior to the Civil War. While freedom had been won, ex-slaves were restricted and opportunities were limited.
The Black Codes of 1865 turned out to be a unique way for white southerners to attempt to maintain the way of life they had known prior to the Civil War. While freedom had been won, ex-slaves were restricted and opportunities were limited.
The Middle Passage
During the Middle Passage, the slave journey to the Americas, African slaves had to endure grueling conditions as they traveled to an unknown fate. They slept below the deck on un-sanded plank floors that had only 18 inches of headroom and no fresh air or light. Amazingly, most slaves survived this taxing journey only to face a lifetime of forced servitude.
During the Middle Passage, the slave journey to the Americas, African slaves had to endure grueling conditions as they traveled to an unknown fate. They slept below the deck on un-sanded plank floors that had only 18 inches of headroom and no fresh air or light. Amazingly, most slaves survived this taxing journey only to face a lifetime of forced servitude.
Reconstruction
After the Civil War ended, the period of Reconstruction in the South brought great hope for change. For over ten years, gains were made, schools were created, teachers were trained, and black politicians were elected into office. As quickly as these gains came, however, they vanished.
After the Civil War ended, the period of Reconstruction in the South brought great hope for change. For over ten years, gains were made, schools were created, teachers were trained, and black politicians were elected into office. As quickly as these gains came, however, they vanished.
The Murder of Emmett Till
Fourteen-year-old Chicago resident Emmett Till had little knowledge about the ways of the South. Consequently, when he spoke to a white female grocery clerk in Mississippi, Emmett Till was unable to see that this act had put his life in serious jeopardy. A few days later he was murdered.
Fourteen-year-old Chicago resident Emmett Till had little knowledge about the ways of the South. Consequently, when he spoke to a white female grocery clerk in Mississippi, Emmett Till was unable to see that this act had put his life in serious jeopardy. A few days later he was murdered.
Nat Turner's Rebellion
To the white residents of Southampton County, it came as a surprise that a slave named Nat Turner was the leader of a slave rebellion that resulted in the deaths of 55 white people. This rebellion, which Turner believed was directed by God, became one of the most famous slave insurrections in U.S. history.
To the white residents of Southampton County, it came as a surprise that a slave named Nat Turner was the leader of a slave rebellion that resulted in the deaths of 55 white people. This rebellion, which Turner believed was directed by God, became one of the most famous slave insurrections in U.S. history.
Jim Crow Laws
By the 1890s, as the gains of Reconstruction were stripped away, southern states began enacting Jim Crow laws that enforced separate facilities for blacks and whites. Here are samples of the laws enacted by various states.
By the 1890s, as the gains of Reconstruction were stripped away, southern states began enacting Jim Crow laws that enforced separate facilities for blacks and whites. Here are samples of the laws enacted by various states.
Jackie Robinson
After playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers, Jackie Robinson not only broke the color barrier of major league baseball but he also used his position to speak out against the injustice of segregation.
After playing for the Brooklyn Dodgers, Jackie Robinson not only broke the color barrier of major league baseball but he also used his position to speak out against the injustice of segregation.
The Freedmen's Bureau
Inadequate funds and less than zealous advocacy plagued the progress of the Freedmen’s Bureau. While advancement was made with the establishment of schools, one of the bureau’s biggest failures was its inability to distribute abandoned land to freedmen.
Inadequate funds and less than zealous advocacy plagued the progress of the Freedmen’s Bureau. While advancement was made with the establishment of schools, one of the bureau’s biggest failures was its inability to distribute abandoned land to freedmen.
Creation of the Jim Crow South
In the South, during the 1870s and 1880s, it was not uncommon for blacks and whites to use the same public facilities. However, Supreme Court decisions began to strip away the gains of Reconstruction, which led the way to the creation of Jim Crow laws.
In the South, during the 1870s and 1880s, it was not uncommon for blacks and whites to use the same public facilities. However, Supreme Court decisions began to strip away the gains of Reconstruction, which led the way to the creation of Jim Crow laws.
Photo of Muhammad Ali
A photo collection of Muhammad Ali.
A photo collection of Muhammad Ali.
Harlem Renaissance
The movement of Southern blacks to Northern cities, the emergence of radical thought, and the publication of black magazines set the stage for the Harlem Renaissance, the time when black writers produced some of the most profound literary works.
The movement of Southern blacks to Northern cities, the emergence of radical thought, and the publication of black magazines set the stage for the Harlem Renaissance, the time when black writers produced some of the most profound literary works.
Slavery in Colonial Times
During the colonial times, the treatment of slaves was often different depending upon which colony they lived in. Slaves in southern colonies typically worked under harsh labor conditions, while slaves in the middle and New England colonies were fewer, had more freedom, and were often treated more humanely.
During the colonial times, the treatment of slaves was often different depending upon which colony they lived in. Slaves in southern colonies typically worked under harsh labor conditions, while slaves in the middle and New England colonies were fewer, had more freedom, and were often treated more humanely.
Harlem Renaissance Writers
From the Harlem Renaissance, came the creation of great literature by many African American writers. Take a look at who some of these writers were and at the literature they produced.
From the Harlem Renaissance, came the creation of great literature by many African American writers. Take a look at who some of these writers were and at the literature they produced.
Timeline of Slavery in America
This slavery timeline covers the important events that occurred during slavery.
This slavery timeline covers the important events that occurred during slavery.
The Life of Frederick Douglass
Born a slave, yet determined to be free, Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery and became one of the most influential figures of the 19th century. He became a powerful speaker in the anti-slavery circuit, an author, an advocate for women’s rights, and held several government positions after the Civil War.
Born a slave, yet determined to be free, Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery and became one of the most influential figures of the 19th century. He became a powerful speaker in the anti-slavery circuit, an author, an advocate for women’s rights, and held several government positions after the Civil War.
An Overview of Jim Crow Laws
The establishment of Jim Crow laws began with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling of “separate but equal” in Plessy v. Ferguson and ended almost sixty years later with the decision in Brown v. Board of Education. This summary briefly traces the history of the creation and collapse of segregation laws.
The establishment of Jim Crow laws began with the U.S. Supreme Court ruling of “separate but equal” in Plessy v. Ferguson and ended almost sixty years later with the decision in Brown v. Board of Education. This summary briefly traces the history of the creation and collapse of segregation laws.
Civil Rights Movement Timeline
Looking for a comprehensive look at the civil rights movement? Check out this timeline of the important milestones that occurred during the civil rights movement.
Looking for a comprehensive look at the civil rights movement? Check out this timeline of the important milestones that occurred during the civil rights movement.
Quotes by African Americans
Looking for quotes? Check out this collection of quotes by African Americans.
Looking for quotes? Check out this collection of quotes by African Americans.
The Underground Railroad
Curious about how slaves escaped? At one point, the Underground Railroad was the most successful way for a slave to escape. Find out how the organization was formed, who helped, and why it was so successful.
Curious about how slaves escaped? At one point, the Underground Railroad was the most successful way for a slave to escape. Find out how the organization was formed, who helped, and why it was so successful.
Ain't I A Woman? Delivered by Sojourner Truth
Sojourner Truth delivered this famous speech at the Women's Convention in Akron, Ohio, in 1851. Learn the details about the controversy over whether she actually recited the well-known phrase, "Ain't I a Woman? Plus, read the text of the speech.
Sojourner Truth delivered this famous speech at the Women's Convention in Akron, Ohio, in 1851. Learn the details about the controversy over whether she actually recited the well-known phrase, "Ain't I a Woman? Plus, read the text of the speech.
MLK on Nonviolent Resistance
During the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King Jr. captured the attention of the nation with his philosophy and commitment to the method of nonviolent resistance. According to Dr. King, this was the only solution that could cure society’s evil and create a just society. Take a look at Martin Luther King’s philosophy on nonviolent resistance.
During the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King Jr. captured the attention of the nation with his philosophy and commitment to the method of nonviolent resistance. According to Dr. King, this was the only solution that could cure society’s evil and create a just society. Take a look at Martin Luther King’s philosophy on nonviolent resistance.
The March on Washington
In the early 1960s, as black unemployment rates were rising and as civil rights demonstrators around the country encountered police brutality, the idea for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom emerged. The march, as it would turn out, was a powerful forum that raised the consciousness of many Americans about the injustice faced by black Americans. It was at the march that Martin Luther King Jr. made his famous “I have a dream” speech.
In the early 1960s, as black unemployment rates were rising and as civil rights demonstrators around the country encountered police brutality, the idea for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom emerged. The march, as it would turn out, was a powerful forum that raised the consciousness of many Americans about the injustice faced by black Americans. It was at the march that Martin Luther King Jr. made his famous “I have a dream” speech.
Rosa Parks
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks changed history forever when she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery city bus. Take a look at the life and accomplishments of the woman who became known as "the mother of the civil rights movement."
On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks changed history forever when she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery city bus. Take a look at the life and accomplishments of the woman who became known as "the mother of the civil rights movement."
Martin Luther King Jr.
Intelligent, dedicated, charismatic, and religious, Martin Luther King Jr. had what it took to inspire the conscience of the American public. He appealed to the moral sense of Americans, and after years of leading civil rights activists in nonviolent protest and direct action, his leadership helped to desegregate the South.
Intelligent, dedicated, charismatic, and religious, Martin Luther King Jr. had what it took to inspire the conscience of the American public. He appealed to the moral sense of Americans, and after years of leading civil rights activists in nonviolent protest and direct action, his leadership helped to desegregate the South.
Ku Klux Klan
A secret paramilitary white supremacist organization, the Ku Klux Klan at various times in American history terrorized blacks and white sympathizers with violent acts of lynching, shootings, and whippings.
A secret paramilitary white supremacist organization, the Ku Klux Klan at various times in American history terrorized blacks and white sympathizers with violent acts of lynching, shootings, and whippings.
54th Massachusetts Infantry
Despite the criticism that surrounded the creation the 54th Infantry, once in battle, the soldiers proved they were capable. Not only did they shatter any doubt, but they also showed that they were a much-needed force in the Civil War.
Despite the criticism that surrounded the creation the 54th Infantry, once in battle, the soldiers proved they were capable. Not only did they shatter any doubt, but they also showed that they were a much-needed force in the Civil War.
Mae Jemison
Dr. Mae Jemison made several accomplishments as an astronaut; among her claims to fame was becoming the first black female astronaut and the first black woman in space.
Dr. Mae Jemison made several accomplishments as an astronaut; among her claims to fame was becoming the first black female astronaut and the first black woman in space.
Photo of Execution of Black Soldier
A photograph of the execution of a black civil war soldier.
A photograph of the execution of a black civil war soldier.
Malcolm X
Malcolm X was initially known for his controversial stance of racial separatism, but after his pilgrimage to Mecca, while he still advocated Black Nationalism, Malcolm X also accepted a more orthodox Islam view of the "true brotherhood" of man. He came to believe that there was a potential for cross-racial alliance.
Malcolm X was initially known for his controversial stance of racial separatism, but after his pilgrimage to Mecca, while he still advocated Black Nationalism, Malcolm X also accepted a more orthodox Islam view of the "true brotherhood" of man. He came to believe that there was a potential for cross-racial alliance.
Mississippi Black Codes
free negroes black codes 1865 corporate authorities black codes of 1865 mulattoes: The text of a Mississippi black code.
free negroes black codes 1865 corporate authorities black codes of 1865 mulattoes: The text of a Mississippi black code.
Lynch Law in America - By Ida B. Wells
The text of Ida B. Wells' article, "Lynch Law in America."
The text of Ida B. Wells' article, "Lynch Law in America."
Biographies of Notable African Americans
Read the biographies of notable African Americans, and find out how they contributed and changed American History.
Read the biographies of notable African Americans, and find out how they contributed and changed American History.
The Slave Trade
In stark contrast to the treatment of pre-modern slaves, slaves in the Americas were not treated as servants, were enslaved based on race, suffered the deadly passage to the Americas, were not given educational opportunities, and endured harsh working conditions and inhumane treatment.
In stark contrast to the treatment of pre-modern slaves, slaves in the Americas were not treated as servants, were enslaved based on race, suffered the deadly passage to the Americas, were not given educational opportunities, and endured harsh working conditions and inhumane treatment.
The 16th Street Church Bombing
Eighteen days after the March on Washington, on the early Sunday morning of September 15, 1963, a bomb exploded in the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, killing four girls. Find out what happened on that early September morning. Plus, learn why it took so long to bring a second suspect to justice.
Eighteen days after the March on Washington, on the early Sunday morning of September 15, 1963, a bomb exploded in the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, killing four girls. Find out what happened on that early September morning. Plus, learn why it took so long to bring a second suspect to justice.
Martin Luther King Timeline
Intelligent, dedicated, charismatic, and religious, Martin Luther King, Jr. had what it took to inspire the conscious of the American public. A look at the major events in the life of MLK.
Intelligent, dedicated, charismatic, and religious, Martin Luther King, Jr. had what it took to inspire the conscious of the American public. A look at the major events in the life of MLK.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Read the Supreme Courts decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.
Read the Supreme Courts decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.
Photos of Harriet Tubman
Photos of Harriet Tubman.
Photos of Harriet Tubman.
Timeline of Reconstruction
Immediately following the Civil War, a time of transition occurred in the lives of newly freed slaves. This timeline of the reconstruction era covers the important laws that were enacted, the government’s role in reconstruction, and the reaction of southern states.
Immediately following the Civil War, a time of transition occurred in the lives of newly freed slaves. This timeline of the reconstruction era covers the important laws that were enacted, the government’s role in reconstruction, and the reaction of southern states.
grandfather clause
The enactment of grandfather clauses by some Southern states was an attempt to prevent African Americans from voting.
The enactment of grandfather clauses by some Southern states was an attempt to prevent African Americans from voting.
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks did what others before her had done. She refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on the city bus. But this time it sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Rosa Parks did what others before her had done. She refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on the city bus. But this time it sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Photo of Drinking Fountain
A photograph of a "white only" drinking fountain.
A photograph of a "white only" drinking fountain.
Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington, founder of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, became one of the most controversial leaders of his time. At odds with W.E.B. Du Bois and other civil rights advocates, Washington was often called an accommodationist because he advocated self-help through economic means over civil and political rights.
Booker T. Washington, founder of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, became one of the most controversial leaders of his time. At odds with W.E.B. Du Bois and other civil rights advocates, Washington was often called an accommodationist because he advocated self-help through economic means over civil and political rights.
Thomas Jefferson on Slavery
Read the text of Thomas Jefferson's views on slavery.
Read the text of Thomas Jefferson's views on slavery.
Voting Rights in Selma
When Martin Luther King Jr. came to Selma, Alabama to lead an assault against discriminatory voter registration practices, it could hardly be predicted that the nation would witness the brutal attack on peaceful demonstrators in what came to be called Bloody Sunday. It was this same brutality, however, that led President Johnson and Congress to one conclusion—it was time to pass voting rights legislation and give black citizens the same voting rights as whites.
When Martin Luther King Jr. came to Selma, Alabama to lead an assault against discriminatory voter registration practices, it could hardly be predicted that the nation would witness the brutal attack on peaceful demonstrators in what came to be called Bloody Sunday. It was this same brutality, however, that led President Johnson and Congress to one conclusion—it was time to pass voting rights legislation and give black citizens the same voting rights as whites.
The Black Panthers
In stark contrast to Martin Luther King’s advocacy of nonviolent resistance, the Black Panther Party believed in arming for self-defense against police brutality. While arming provided protection, it also led to incidents that ended in violent standoffs with the police.
In stark contrast to Martin Luther King’s advocacy of nonviolent resistance, the Black Panther Party believed in arming for self-defense against police brutality. While arming provided protection, it also led to incidents that ended in violent standoffs with the police.
Women's History Month
In honor of Women’s History Month, learn about some of the notable black women in history.
In honor of Women’s History Month, learn about some of the notable black women in history.
Benjamin Banneker
Benjamin Banneker made his mark on history with his contributions to astronomy, science, and math. He became known for building the first wooden clock, his almanacs, and for his part in building the capital city. By the end of his life, his achievements were well known around the world.
Benjamin Banneker made his mark on history with his contributions to astronomy, science, and math. He became known for building the first wooden clock, his almanacs, and for his part in building the capital city. By the end of his life, his achievements were well known around the world.
Madam C.J. Walker
In the early 1900s, Madam C.J. Walker was one of the most well known blacks of the time. America’s first black woman millionaire made her fortune with the invention of hair care products specifically tailored to black women. She had a hand in revolutionizing the way black women styled their hair by combining the use of the hot comb with her hair care products.
In the early 1900s, Madam C.J. Walker was one of the most well known blacks of the time. America’s first black woman millionaire made her fortune with the invention of hair care products specifically tailored to black women. She had a hand in revolutionizing the way black women styled their hair by combining the use of the hot comb with her hair care products.
Photo of White Ladies Only Sign
A photograph of a "white ladies only" sign.
A photograph of a "white ladies only" sign.
Emmett Till Photo
Emmett Till and his mother Mamie Bradley.
Emmett Till and his mother Mamie Bradley.
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Ida Bell Wells-Barnett is most well known for her crusade against lynching, but she also fought against Jim Crow Laws and for women's suffrage.
Ida Bell Wells-Barnett is most well known for her crusade against lynching, but she also fought against Jim Crow Laws and for women's suffrage.
Photo of Hotel Clark
A photograph of Hotel Clark.
A photograph of Hotel Clark.
Photo of Freedom Riders
A photo of freedom riders hanging signs out of the bus windows.
A photo of freedom riders hanging signs out of the bus windows.
Jack Johnson
Early 20th century boxer Jack Johnson was one of the few black men in history that created white anxiety about black equality. He was unafraid, his actions in and out of the ring were bold, and with the black public in his corner he achieved his greatest accomplishment. He challenged racial views about equality when he beat a white boxer and became the first black international heavyweight-boxing champion.
Early 20th century boxer Jack Johnson was one of the few black men in history that created white anxiety about black equality. He was unafraid, his actions in and out of the ring were bold, and with the black public in his corner he achieved his greatest accomplishment. He challenged racial views about equality when he beat a white boxer and became the first black international heavyweight-boxing champion.
Rosa Parks Timeline
Rosa Parks, a seamstress and secretary of the local Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, bravely did what others had done before. She refused to give up her seat to a white patron on a Montgomery city bus. Unlike her predecessors, her action led the way for the desegregation of buses.
Rosa Parks, a seamstress and secretary of the local Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, bravely did what others had done before. She refused to give up her seat to a white patron on a Montgomery city bus. Unlike her predecessors, her action led the way for the desegregation of buses.
Lunch Counter Sit-Ins
When four black college students sat in protest at Woolworth's segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, at the time, it was unforeseen what impact their actions would have on the rest of the South. As the sit-in garnered national attention, the sit-in movement spread to other southern cities and led to the desegregation of numerous lunch counters.
When four black college students sat in protest at Woolworth's segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, at the time, it was unforeseen what impact their actions would have on the rest of the South. As the sit-in garnered national attention, the sit-in movement spread to other southern cities and led to the desegregation of numerous lunch counters.
Malcolm X Timeline
A look at the major events in the life of Malcolm X.
A look at the major events in the life of Malcolm X.
Barack Obama
After a long battle against opponent Hilary Clinton for the Democratic presidential nomination, Barack Obama has become first presidential nominee of black heritage. Take a look at the life of this presidential hopeful.
After a long battle against opponent Hilary Clinton for the Democratic presidential nomination, Barack Obama has become first presidential nominee of black heritage. Take a look at the life of this presidential hopeful.
Little Rock Nine
Not even threats and other scare tactics could stop the Little Rock Nine from desegregating Little Rock Central High. With the court and the federal government on their side, the Little Rock Nine bravely became the first black students to attend the segregated Arkansas high school.
Not even threats and other scare tactics could stop the Little Rock Nine from desegregating Little Rock Central High. With the court and the federal government on their side, the Little Rock Nine bravely became the first black students to attend the segregated Arkansas high school.
Photo of Waiting Room, Georgia
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in Georgia.
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in Georgia.
Photo of Cafe
Photograph of cafe with separate entrances for whites and blacks.
Photograph of cafe with separate entrances for whites and blacks.
Image of Whipping
An image of a lady whipping a slave girl.
An image of a lady whipping a slave girl.
James Meredith
While James Meredith was not the first African American to apply and be denied admission to the University of Mississippi, his fate would be much different than the four before him. With the assistance of the NAACP, Meredith was eventually admitted to the University of Mississippi, becoming its first black student.
While James Meredith was not the first African American to apply and be denied admission to the University of Mississippi, his fate would be much different than the four before him. With the assistance of the NAACP, Meredith was eventually admitted to the University of Mississippi, becoming its first black student.
Photo of Cabin Sign
A photograph a cabin sign.
A photograph a cabin sign.
Photo of Fish Restaurant
A photo of the front of a fish restaurant for African Americans.
A photo of the front of a fish restaurant for African Americans.
Photo of Bus Rest Stop
A picture of a bus rest stop.
A picture of a bus rest stop.
Photo of Lunch Room
Photograph of lunch room where whites and blacks are served.
Photograph of lunch room where whites and blacks are served.
Clinon High - School Integration Photo
School integration in Clinton, Tennessee, December 4, 1956.
School integration in Clinton, Tennessee, December 4, 1956.
Image of Slave-Coffle
An image of a slave-coffle passing the capitol.
An image of a slave-coffle passing the capitol.
The Classic Blues Era
Before the country blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson, Blind Blake, and Robert Johnson, it was the classic blues that was all the rage in the early 1920s. Female classic blues singers, such as Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Ethel Waters, introduced a refined type of blues that was defined by its jazz sound and the clear enunciation of the singer. While the prominence of this form of blues was short, it was an important precursor to the popularity of the country blues.
Before the country blues of Blind Lemon Jefferson, Blind Blake, and Robert Johnson, it was the classic blues that was all the rage in the early 1920s. Female classic blues singers, such as Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, and Ethel Waters, introduced a refined type of blues that was defined by its jazz sound and the clear enunciation of the singer. While the prominence of this form of blues was short, it was an important precursor to the popularity of the country blues.
Photo of Waiting Room, North Carolina
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in North Carolina.
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in North Carolina.
Photo of Railroad Station Waiting Room
A picture of a segregated railroad station waiting room
A picture of a segregated railroad station waiting room
Photo of Waiting Room, Tennessee
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in Tennessee.
A photo of a bus station waiting room sign in Tennessee.
Photo of White Only Restaurant
A photograph of a "white only" restaurant sign.
A photograph of a "white only" restaurant sign.
Maya Angelou
Today, Maya Angelou is known mostly as a poet and author of several widely acclaimed books, but she first got her start as a dancer, and also achieved success as a screenwriter and performer.
Today, Maya Angelou is known mostly as a poet and author of several widely acclaimed books, but she first got her start as a dancer, and also achieved success as a screenwriter and performer.
Image of Nat Turner's Rebellion
An illustration of a scene from Nat Turner's Rebellion.
An illustration of a scene from Nat Turner's Rebellion.
Jesse Owens
Frail and often sickly as a child, who would have guessed that Jesse Owens would go on to achieve the status of an Olympic medalist. With Hitler in power, the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany was marred by Aryan racism. Despite the pressure to perform, Owens went on to win four gold medals and set a new world record.
Frail and often sickly as a child, who would have guessed that Jesse Owens would go on to achieve the status of an Olympic medalist. With Hitler in power, the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany was marred by Aryan racism. Despite the pressure to perform, Owens went on to win four gold medals and set a new world record.
Langston Hughes
Harlem Renaissance writer and poet, Langston Hughes, was one of the more notable writers during this time. Known for his portrayal of black life in his work, Hughes' success was partly due to his ability to effectively capture the essence of the black experience.
Harlem Renaissance writer and poet, Langston Hughes, was one of the more notable writers during this time. Known for his portrayal of black life in his work, Hughes' success was partly due to his ability to effectively capture the essence of the black experience.
Photo of Emmett Till Rally
Street rally in protest of the murder of Emmett Till.
Street rally in protest of the murder of Emmett Till.
Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali was a symbol of black pride and defiance during the 1960s. He was outspoken and boastful, and as his professional boxing career progressed the reason became clear as to why he was called “the greatest”—his speed, his footwork, and his ability to take a punch were unmatched.
Muhammad Ali was a symbol of black pride and defiance during the 1960s. He was outspoken and boastful, and as his professional boxing career progressed the reason became clear as to why he was called “the greatest”—his speed, his footwork, and his ability to take a punch were unmatched.
School Integration Photo
George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James M. Nabrit celebrating the U.S. Supreme Court decision which declared segregation in schools unconstitutional, 1954.
George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James M. Nabrit celebrating the U.S. Supreme Court decision which declared segregation in schools unconstitutional, 1954.
Photo of Slave Auction, Virginia
An image of a Virginia slave auction.
An image of a Virginia slave auction.
Photo of Courthouse Drinking Fountain
Photograph of a courthouse drinking fountain for African Americans.
Photograph of a courthouse drinking fountain for African Americans.
Photo of Punishment & Torture Device
An image of a punishment and torture device used on slaves.
An image of a punishment and torture device used on slaves.
W.E.B. Du Bois Quotes
Quotes from W.E.B. Du Bois.
Quotes from W.E.B. Du Bois.
Schol Integration Photo
Elizabeth Eckford is yelled at and blocked from entering Central High, 1957.
Elizabeth Eckford is yelled at and blocked from entering Central High, 1957.
Maria Stewart
At a time when American society relegated women to the domestic sphere, Maria W. Stewart immersed herself into the position of a public political activist. While her career in the public sphere was short, the effect of her presence could be seen as other women activists soon followed in the footsteps of the woman who became America's first black woman political writer.
At a time when American society relegated women to the domestic sphere, Maria W. Stewart immersed herself into the position of a public political activist. While her career in the public sphere was short, the effect of her presence could be seen as other women activists soon followed in the footsteps of the woman who became America's first black woman political writer.
Image of Slave Auction
An image of a slave auction.
An image of a slave auction.
Photo of Branded Slave
A photograph of a branded slave.
A photograph of a branded slave.
Louisiana Black Codes
black codes 1865 indentured servants black codes of 1865 city of new orleans state of louisiana: Read the text of a Louisiana black code.
black codes 1865 indentured servants black codes of 1865 city of new orleans state of louisiana: Read the text of a Louisiana black code.
Asa Philip Randolph
A. Philip Randolph, a black labor movement leader and the founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, believed that the key to black progress rested in the black working class. Beyond this, however, Randolph later found that defeating segregation was also an important cause. Although he was much older by this time, it failed to stop him from implementing his idea for one of the most memorable events during the civil rights movement—the March on Washington.
A. Philip Randolph, a black labor movement leader and the founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, believed that the key to black progress rested in the black working class. Beyond this, however, Randolph later found that defeating segregation was also an important cause. Although he was much older by this time, it failed to stop him from implementing his idea for one of the most memorable events during the civil rights movement—the March on Washington.
Billie Holiday
When the song “Strange Fruit” is mentioned, it is not uncommon for the name Billie Holiday to come to mind. Billie Holiday is considered one of the greatest jazz singers of all time, and yet her life was marred, much like her famous song, by despair and violence. Perhaps it was her own heartbreaking life story that helped produce her captivating and extraordinary singing style. Take a look at the life of Billie Holiday.
When the song “Strange Fruit” is mentioned, it is not uncommon for the name Billie Holiday to come to mind. Billie Holiday is considered one of the greatest jazz singers of all time, and yet her life was marred, much like her famous song, by despair and violence. Perhaps it was her own heartbreaking life story that helped produce her captivating and extraordinary singing style. Take a look at the life of Billie Holiday.
Photo of Billard Hall
A photo of a black billard hall.
A photo of a black billard hall.
Photo of Street Car Terminal
Photograph at a water cooler in a street car terminal.
Photograph at a water cooler in a street car terminal.
Spirituals
Read about slave spirituals, and learn how this unique form of song was an expression of slave life.
Read about slave spirituals, and learn how this unique form of song was an expression of slave life.
This Day in African American History - October 1
This Day in African American History October 1 More of this Feature ⢠Yesterday ⢠Tomorrow ⢠Calendar
This Day in African American History October 1 More of this Feature ⢠Yesterday ⢠Tomorrow ⢠Calendar
Louis Armstrong
Born into poverty to a mother who worked as a washerwoman and a prostitute, it seemed as if Louis Armstrong was destined to live a hard life. However, from the time that Armstrong first picked up the cornet as a child, it was evident to those listening that he would defy the odds. Evolving from playing cornet to playing trumpet and singing, Armstrong established himself as an influential and great jazz musician.
Born into poverty to a mother who worked as a washerwoman and a prostitute, it seemed as if Louis Armstrong was destined to live a hard life. However, from the time that Armstrong first picked up the cornet as a child, it was evident to those listening that he would defy the odds. Evolving from playing cornet to playing trumpet and singing, Armstrong established himself as an influential and great jazz musician.
Martin Luther King Photos
A collection of photos of Martin Luther King Jr.
A collection of photos of Martin Luther King Jr.
Emmett Till Timeline
This timeline provides a look at the details surrounding the murder of Emmett Till and the murder trial afterward.
This timeline provides a look at the details surrounding the murder of Emmett Till and the murder trial afterward.
David Walker
For an abolitionist of the 1820s, David Walker's ideas were considered revolutionary. So when his anti-slavery Appeal was published, it sparked fear in slave owners and he became a targeted enemy. Find out about this controversial publication.
For an abolitionist of the 1820s, David Walker's ideas were considered revolutionary. So when his anti-slavery Appeal was published, it sparked fear in slave owners and he became a targeted enemy. Find out about this controversial publication.
Photo of Theater Sign
Photograph of a theater entrance for African Americans.
Photograph of a theater entrance for African Americans.
Photo of Exclusive Black Theater
Photo of a exclusive black theater sign.
Photo of a exclusive black theater sign.
George Washington Carver
George Washington Carver, an agricultural chemist, is most known for his numerous inventions for the use of peanuts, but he was also responsible for many other discoveries. Despite his hundreds of inventions, he only patented three so that he could make his inventions freely available to everyone.
George Washington Carver, an agricultural chemist, is most known for his numerous inventions for the use of peanuts, but he was also responsible for many other discoveries. Despite his hundreds of inventions, he only patented three so that he could make his inventions freely available to everyone.
Harriet Jacobs' Autobiography - Table of Contents
Index of primary and public domain texts for African American history.
Index of primary and public domain texts for African American history.
Sojourner Truth
Sojourner Truth's fight for the abolition of slavery, women's rights, and her attempt to help former slaves has made her a legend in American history. Despite the scars of slavery and the inability to read, she became a respected public speaker and advocate for the oppressed.
Sojourner Truth's fight for the abolition of slavery, women's rights, and her attempt to help former slaves has made her a legend in American history. Despite the scars of slavery and the inability to read, she became a respected public speaker and advocate for the oppressed.
Photo of Smith Plantation Slaves
A photograph of slaves on the Smith plantation.
A photograph of slaves on the Smith plantation.
Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman was a remarkable woman who cared more about leading slaves to freedom than about her own safety. The likelihood of her capture and return into slavery increased each trip she made into slave territory. Because of her courage over 300 slaves gained their freedom and she earned the name “the Moses of her people.”
Harriet Tubman was a remarkable woman who cared more about leading slaves to freedom than about her own safety. The likelihood of her capture and return into slavery increased each trip she made into slave territory. Because of her courage over 300 slaves gained their freedom and she earned the name “the Moses of her people.”
School Integration - Central High Photo
Little Rock, Arkansas, Little Rock Central High.
Little Rock, Arkansas, Little Rock Central High.
Photo of Slave Cabins
A photograph of slave cabins.
A photograph of slave cabins.
Joe Louis
The young, modest, and quiet Joe Louis could not have guessed that a career in boxing would make him into national hero. As World War II loomed, Joe Louis was thrust into the political arena when he fought Germany’s Max Schmeling. Louis’ win over Schmeling was a win for America. Louis immediately went from an unknown boxer to one of the most popular figures of the time.
The young, modest, and quiet Joe Louis could not have guessed that a career in boxing would make him into national hero. As World War II loomed, Joe Louis was thrust into the political arena when he fought Germany’s Max Schmeling. Louis’ win over Schmeling was a win for America. Louis immediately went from an unknown boxer to one of the most popular figures of the time.
Photo of Slave Quarters
A photograph of slave quarters in South Carolina.
A photograph of slave quarters in South Carolina.
Image of Inspection of Slave
An image of a white man inspecting a black slave.
An image of a white man inspecting a black slave.
Martin Luther King Quotes
Quotes from civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. about justice, morality, and laws.
Quotes from civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. about justice, morality, and laws.
"White Only" Drinking Fountain
A photograph of a "white only" drinking fountain.
A photograph of a "white only" drinking fountain.
The Confessions of Nat Turner - Part 1
confessions of nat turner nat turner biography encyclopedia britannica richmond enquirer slave resistance: Read the text of Nat Turner's Confession.
confessions of nat turner nat turner biography encyclopedia britannica richmond enquirer slave resistance: Read the text of Nat Turner's Confession.
Image of Slaves on Ship
An image of slaves on a ship.
An image of slaves on a ship.
Frederick Douglass Quotes
Quotes from Frederick Douglass.
Quotes from Frederick Douglass.
Brown v. Board of Education
In Brown v Board of Education, the Supreme Court made the landmark decision to end segregation in schools. However, four other cases contributed to this result. These cases are often overlooked, but their influence on this decision was just as important.
In Brown v Board of Education, the Supreme Court made the landmark decision to end segregation in schools. However, four other cases contributed to this result. These cases are often overlooked, but their influence on this decision was just as important.
Black History Month
February is a chance to celebrate Black History Month by reflecting on the contributions made to the world by those of African descent. Guides at About lead you to profiles, issues, topics, and local history.
February is a chance to celebrate Black History Month by reflecting on the contributions made to the world by those of African descent. Guides at About lead you to profiles, issues, topics, and local history.
Photo of Slave Pen
A photograph of a slave pen in Virginia.
A photograph of a slave pen in Virginia.
Image of Reward Poster
An image of a runaway slave reward poster.
An image of a runaway slave reward poster.
Blues Music
A definition of blues music.
A definition of blues music.
Photograph of African Captives
An image of African captives.
An image of African captives.
Image of Stowage of Slave Ship
An image of a slave ship.
An image of a slave ship.
W.E.B. Du Bois
Considered one of the most influential black intellectuals of the 20th century, W.E.B. Du Bois encouraged intellectual development, economic independence, and helped found the NAACP. In his early career he experienced great success, but as his views moved toward Black Nationalism and socialism support for his ideas waned. By the end of his life he had renounced his United States citizenship and moved to Ghana.
Considered one of the most influential black intellectuals of the 20th century, W.E.B. Du Bois encouraged intellectual development, economic independence, and helped found the NAACP. In his early career he experienced great success, but as his views moved toward Black Nationalism and socialism support for his ideas waned. By the end of his life he had renounced his United States citizenship and moved to Ghana.
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
fugitive slave law of 1850 fugitive slave law judicial courts justice of the peace circuit courts: The text of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.
fugitive slave law of 1850 fugitive slave law judicial courts justice of the peace circuit courts: The text of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.
Bessie Smith
Born into poverty and orphaned as a young child, singer Bessie Smith achieved remarkable success as a blues singer.
Born into poverty and orphaned as a young child, singer Bessie Smith achieved remarkable success as a blues singer.
Bessie Blount
Physical therapist Bessie Blount was more than a caregiver. She was responsible for inventing eating devices to help World War II amputees achieve independence.
Physical therapist Bessie Blount was more than a caregiver. She was responsible for inventing eating devices to help World War II amputees achieve independence.
Booker T. Washington Quotes
Quotes from founder of the Tuskegee Institute, Booker T. Washington.
Quotes from founder of the Tuskegee Institute, Booker T. Washington.
Photo of Auction House
A photograph of a auction house.
A photograph of a auction house.
SNCC
With the civil rights movement in full swing, the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was a much-needed organization for the movement’s younger college activists. Adult leaders served in an advisory role as the SNCC’s student leaders attempted to bring new strategies to the fight to end discrimination.
With the civil rights movement in full swing, the formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was a much-needed organization for the movement’s younger college activists. Adult leaders served in an advisory role as the SNCC’s student leaders attempted to bring new strategies to the fight to end discrimination.
Sarah Vaughan
With only vocal experience in a church choir, a young Sarah Vaughan set her sights on a singing career. It was on the stage of the Harlem Apollo Theater as a contestant that Sarah Vaughan launched her career. She was an untrained singer full of natural raw talent, a three octave range, and an amazing ability to improvise. By the end of her life, critics and colleagues recognized her as one of the greatest singers in the history of jazz.
With only vocal experience in a church choir, a young Sarah Vaughan set her sights on a singing career. It was on the stage of the Harlem Apollo Theater as a contestant that Sarah Vaughan launched her career. She was an untrained singer full of natural raw talent, a three octave range, and an amazing ability to improvise. By the end of her life, critics and colleagues recognized her as one of the greatest singers in the history of jazz.
Photo of Black Theater
Photograph of a theater for African Americans.
Photograph of a theater for African Americans.
Anti-Slavery Image
An image of a anti-slavery poem.
An image of a anti-slavery poem.
Image of Slaves on Underground Railroad
An image of slaves escaping from bondage.
An image of slaves escaping from bondage.
Photo of Slaves Preparing Cotton
A photograph of slaves preparing cotton.
A photograph of slaves preparing cotton.
Photo of Smith's Plantation
A photograph of slaves on Smith's plantation.
A photograph of slaves on Smith's plantation.
Ralph Abernathy
Ralph Abernathy was one of Martin Luther King"s closest friends during the civil rights movement. His guidance can be seen in the Montgomery bus boycott and the creation and leadership of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Ralph Abernathy was one of Martin Luther King"s closest friends during the civil rights movement. His guidance can be seen in the Montgomery bus boycott and the creation and leadership of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Bill Cosby
Comedian and Emmy Award winner Bill Cosby has become one of America’s most successful performers. He has a unique comic style that is not just family friendly but also highly entertaining. Cosby, however, is more than a comedian: he is an author and has most recently begun speaking out against destructive behaviors in the African American community.
Comedian and Emmy Award winner Bill Cosby has become one of America’s most successful performers. He has a unique comic style that is not just family friendly but also highly entertaining. Cosby, however, is more than a comedian: he is an author and has most recently begun speaking out against destructive behaviors in the African American community.
Madam C.J. Walker Quotes
Quotes from hair product inventor and self-made millionaire Madam C.J. Walker.
Quotes from hair product inventor and self-made millionaire Madam C.J. Walker.
A Look Back at Minstrelsy
During the 19th century, it became a popular pastime to spend an evening at a minstrel theater. While it was entertainment, the main attraction for white audiences was that it was a declaration of white superiority.
During the 19th century, it became a popular pastime to spend an evening at a minstrel theater. While it was entertainment, the main attraction for white audiences was that it was a declaration of white superiority.
The Country Blues
Early blues singers, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson and Blind Blake, led the way when it came to the early recordings of the country blues. It was the popularity of these artists that hastened the recordings of other country singers, and suddenly “race records” became big money makers for record companies. The high point in the careers of most of these singers was short-lived: when the Great Depression hit, many country blues artists disappeared.
Early blues singers, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson and Blind Blake, led the way when it came to the early recordings of the country blues. It was the popularity of these artists that hastened the recordings of other country singers, and suddenly “race records” became big money makers for record companies. The high point in the careers of most of these singers was short-lived: when the Great Depression hit, many country blues artists disappeared.
Photos of Black Baseball Players
Photos of African American baseball players.
Photos of African American baseball players.
Image of Sale Notice
An image of a for sale notice from the newspaper.
An image of a for sale notice from the newspaper.
Photo of Stirrup Branch Plantation
A photograph of the Stirrup Branch Plantation.
A photograph of the Stirrup Branch Plantation.
Maya Angelou Quotes
Quotes from writer Maya Angelou.
Quotes from writer Maya Angelou.
Condemnation of Fugitive Slave Act
A condemnation of the Fugitive Slave Act.
A condemnation of the Fugitive Slave Act.
Great Depression - Sharecropper's Children
Photos of African Americans during the Great Depression.
Photos of African Americans during the Great Depression.
Great Depression - Mobile, Alabama
Photos of African Americans during the Great Depression.
Photos of African Americans during the Great Depression.